Through this information flow, we . This term translates to something like the Make in India movement that is gaining traction today. The same stands correct for groups and institutions as well, and may even be applied to religions and cultures. It also implies that the same political, social and . An expansive global identity both provokes and facilitates an explanatory local identity. Example 1 - Cultural Globalization Cultures are also being spread without confining to political boundaries. It also explains why specific trends, such as consumer culture and democracy, have become more prevalent in recent years. Another group suggests that a dominant state can bring stability to world order. Kerr believed that this process was being driven by changes in technology, communication, and transportation that allowed for increased international trade and collaboration. Sometimes a blend is achieved. The United States (core nation) reaps disproportionate gains from economic and political interactions with Brazil (semi-peripheral nation) and Kenya (peripheral nation). This occurs not because they are at a lower stage of development, but because they have been absorbed into the global system as an underdeveloped country. The Social Exclusion of Dalits with Disabilities, Lev Vygotskys Socio Cultural theory: Explained with Examples, 10 Pros and Cons of Technology in Society, An Interview with Award-Winning Author Angie Vancise, Exploring the Dark and Strange with L. Andrew Cooper: An Interview, Exploring Humanity Through Fiction: An Interview with Author Lee Hunt, Increased efficiency in the use of resources, Promotes collaborations which boost the rate of modernisation, Enhances Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs) which allows for increased development, Assists in bringing populations above the poverty line, Makes people aware of cultures and traditions from other part of the world, Enables free flow of trade removing all restrictions and barriers, Sharing of scientific and technological advances is made easier, Outsourcing labour reduces employment in the host country, In countries with large human resources, machinery acquired through globalisation will cause large-scale unemployment, Ill effects on the environment due to increased travel/traffic and overload of factories, Processes of Globalisation might not have the same effect on all countries, resulting in economic inequalities, Cultural issues can arise when one culture dominates the other, Allows Multinational Corporations (MNCs) too much power and liberty. An example of homogenization theory is George . Glocalization is a combination of the words "globalization" and "localization", used to describe a product or service that is developed and distributed globally, but is also adjusted to . Powerful patterns of social consciousness cause globalisation. Liberalism sees the process of globalisation as market-led extension of modernisation. If others differ from you, it means you exist. They are, more often than not, in an undesirable economic situation, which implies they have little potential to progress or develop. The cell phone connects people of all over the world and that too at a multimedia level. Heterogeneity can be defined as the difference or diversity in kind or arrangement of component elements or constituents. Globalization is the process of integrating the countrys economy with the world economy. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. According to Tinbergen, as a result of the synthesis of both systems some elements of capitalist efficiency and socialist equality an optimal system is formed, the main principles of which are the peaceful coexistence and business cooperation of states (Don, 2019). However, none should substitute multiculturalism as it is the evolution human beings have made in their social lives. Surplus accumulation has had transpired in one way or another for many centuries, but capitalism is a comparatively recent phenomenon. The following are common examples of globalization. Any mode of production cannot operate in the absence of an enabling regulatory apparatus. Ease of scientific development. document.getElementById("ak_js").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); 2017 PoliticalScienceNotes - All rights reserved Terms of Service Privacy Policy Contact Us. One of the options for convergence was proposed by the outstanding Dutch mathematician and economist Tinbergen, who put forward the theory of optimal order (Don, 2019). This is the reality of dependent and uneven development, which enriches global corporations and their local partners while impoverishing the poorest people. Its legal and institutional infrastructures serve the logic of surplus accumulation of a global scale. However, when they go too far, they present a case of social-psychological reductionism ignoring the significance of economic and ecological forces in shaping mental experience. If people then experience other cultures that have different values and normal behaviors, they will find that the thought patterns appropriate to their birth culture and the meanings their birth culture attaches to behaviors are not appropriate for the new cultures. In reality, many factors influence the development of societies, making it difficult to predict which direction a community will take accurately (Form, 1979). It is the result of particular forms and dynamics of consciousness. Media and communications has played a vital role in globalization by being an enabler of globalization and a transformation agent of social, cultural, and political structures. All theories of globalization have been put hereunder in eight categories: liberalism, political realism, Marxism, constructivism, postmodernism, feminism , Trans-formationalism and eclecticism. In the globalization debate the term "heterogeneity" is generally used to describe a quality of cultural diversity, mostly as antidote of the cultural convergence-thesis, which proposes an increasing homogenization of culture through globalization. Convergence theory predicts that cultures worldwide will gradually grow increasingly similar due to globalization. Mishra, R. (1976). In the first wave, the age of discovery (1450-1850), globalization: a) Was a benign form of cosmopolitan democracy. There is a large proportion of impoverished and illiterate individuals, as well as a small elite class that controls the majority of the economy. Anarchists challenge the oppressive nature of states and other bureaucratic governance frameworks. At some levels, globalisation is considered as antithetical to territorial states. In other words, globalization and increased economic integration are believed to lead to a more homogenous world where different nations and societies become increasingly similar regarding their economic, political, and cultural practices. The second and third generations of immigrants in many countries are torn between the culture of their 'native' land and the culture where they grew up. Below are the different examples of Globalization: Start Your Free Investment Banking Course, Download Corporate Valuation, Investment Banking, Accounting, CFA Calculator & others. It can be seen in people eating sushi in Peru and Indian food in Europe. It has a built-in apolitical tendency. Also, one shirt sold in the United States could have been made using the Chinese cotton by the workers in a factory in Thailand which would be shipped after getting manufactured on a French freighter run by a Spanish crew. A high P value is good news because it suggests that the heterogeneity is insignificant and that one can go ahead and summarise the results. People develop global weapons and pursue global military campaigns not only for capitalist ends, but also due to interstate competition and militarist culture that predate emergence of capitalism. It is also about the production and consumption of resources, about the discovery and affirmation of identity, about the construction and communication of meaning, and about humanity shaping and being shaped by nature. SAGE Skills We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. This mode of knowledge has authoritarian and expansionary logic that leads to a kind of cultural imperialism subordinating all other epistemologies. All this has led to technical standardisation, administrative harmonisation, translation arrangement between languages, laws of contract, and guarantees of property rights. heterogeneity: [noun] the quality or state of consisting of dissimilar or diverse elements : the quality or state of being heterogeneous. De Economist,167(3), 259282. The people still because of their cultural, religious and ethnic differences seem to abhor others and even get ready to launch tyrannical missions against each other. BMJ 2007; 334 :94. This theory neglects issues of structural inequalities and power hierarchies in social relations. Their main concern lies behind the status of women, particularly their structural subordination to men. With this in mind, take a look at the graph below and decide which plot is more homogeneous. True. According to this theory, the further nations progress along their industrialization journey towards becoming fully industrialized powers, they will increasingly emulate other developed countries in terms of technology and cultural norms. This paper is made mainly on cultural changes focusing. While there are many definitions of globalisation, such a definition seeks to bring together the many and seemingly contradictory theories of globalisation into a rigorous analytical framework and proffer a coherent historical narrative. They have a sizable middle and working class, and they prioritise the manufacture of finished commodities above raw materials. The reigning structures of understanding determine what can and cannot be known in a given socio-historical context. Definitely, it is time consuming and yet there is a long way to go to achieve it. However, by looking at the interventions we can already see some heterogeneity in the results. Developing countries are adopting and committing to the ideas of the modern worlds economy and culture. Globalization is the process whereby systems expand from being regional or national to encompass the entire planet. They often rely on a single economic activity, which is more often than not, raw material extraction. Women have tended to be marginalised, silenced and violated in global communication. It looks like a secular faith, a knowledge framework for capitalist production and a cult of economic efficiency. Modernisation theorys core argument is that with economic growth and development, any country can become advanced, industrialised and follow the footsteps of Western democratic countries in their goals. At the most elementary level, it is a result of natural human desires for economic welfare and political liberty. Rather, as I will argue in the following, social constructivism provides a particular view on global-ization processes, a lens which allows us to interprete globalization in distinctive ways and which leads us to ask specific questions about it. After all, class inequality, cultural hierarchy, and patriarchy predate the modern states. Religions in the Modern World. However, Scholte is aware of insecurity, inequality and marginalisation caused by the present process of globalisation. Resources tend to move from the periphery, or impoverished and undeveloped countries, to the core, or prosperous Western world. Required fields are marked *, This Article was Last Expert Reviewed on March 1, 2023 by Chris Drew, PhD. Such competition occurs both between individual, firms, etc. THE CERTIFICATION NAMES ARE THE TRADEMARKS OF THEIR RESPECTIVE OWNERS. Their contests can be overt or latent. As convergence theory has become highly regarded in many fields, it is still subject to criticism since ignores cultural and historical differences, overlooks power and inequality, and oversimplifies complexity. She holds a Masters degree in International Business from Lviv National University and has more than 6 years of experience writing for different clients. To determine whether significant heterogeneity exists, look for the P value for the 2 test of heterogeneity. In source one, it talks about an image of a young Syrian boy, Alan Kurdi, lying dead, face down on a Turkish beach. SAGE Reference. They are having a presence in more than 100 countries. In short, in the globally connected world, we might not be as homogenized as we assume to be. These semi-periphery countries might arise from either Periphery countries climbing up to the modernised Core countries or Core countries descending to Periphery status. They form in or out as well as us and they groups. However, since people are accustomed to their birth culture, it can be difficult for them to see the behaviors of people from a different culture from the viewpoint of that culture rather than from their own. There are structural power inequalities in promoting globalisation and shaping its course. We can see some automobile industry using the parts manufactured in other countries for cost-saving, as in a car being assembled in the United States and their parts coming from Japan, Germany, or Korea. If the same inclination towards cultural relativism is maintained it would be very difficult for todays world to form common values, laws or systems, which are very necessary to avoid clashes among the cultures and civilizations. Definitely, immigration along with the developments in communication and transportation has made it possible for the people of different cultural backgrounds to get closer to each other, which has given rise to the concept of multiculturalism different cultures co-existing in harmony at least theoretically. This would be a win-win situation for the company and the employee as he struggled to get the job. Some of the scholars stand for a balance of power, where any attempt by one state to achieve world dominance is countered by collective resistance from other states. The neo-Marxists in dependency and world-system theories examine capitalist accumulation on a global scale on lines of core and peripheral countries. Posted on 29th November 2018 by Maximilian Siebert. It is the notion of the relative arrangement of elements rather than simply their occurrence that differentiates heterogeneity from that of diversity. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Culture is constantly changing and developmental, which is influenced by two factors, the natural environment and the social environment. So, as countries become increasingly linked and globalized, they will tend to imitate each others governmental systems (such as democracy rather than communism), economic models (capitalism, socialism, or a blend of both), and collective values. It is concerned with tracking the paths taken by the various cultural flows that crisscross the globe, as well as with exploring the experiences of people as more of their everyday lives become contingent on globally extensive social relations. He argued that homogenizing cultures would create a utopian world without conflicts and disparities (Brubaker, 2022). Media, goods and ideas are flowing freely from country to country, and this is creating a global society that is a mix of all cultures and economies. This is a guide to Globalization Example. In America, USA in the past the Big 3; GM, Ford, and Chrysler; all have invested heavily in Mexico for car manufacturing. They concentrate on the activities of Great Britain, China, France, Japan, the USA and some other large states. The internet is the major contributor to globalization, and that too is not confined to technology but to other areas as well as it helps in the cultural exchange of arts easily. globalization and increased economic integration, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10645-019-09333-, https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2011.600527. It also seeks to explore identities and investigate meanings. Ease of getting personal needs and needs. Silk and spice trade routes in East Asia, which originated in the first century BCE, brought diverse civilizations and linked various nations economies. In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Others reject secularist character of the theory, its manifestation of the imperialism of westernist-modernist-rationalist knowledge. Ethnocentrism may be overt or subtle, and while it is considered a natural proclivity of human psychology, it has developed a generally negative connotation. What is heterogeneity and is it important? He can be reached at dilawar.sherzai@gmail.com. Moreover, the spread of brands like Coca-Cola, MacDonald's, Walmart, KFC, and Apple to third world countries is an example of modern cultural imperialism. A critical theory of globalization attempts to specify the interconnections and interdependencies between different levels such as the economic, political, cultural and psychological, as well as between different flows of products, ideas and information, people, and technology. All other theories have identified the dynamics behind the rise of trans-planetary and supra-territorial connectivity in technology, state, capital, identity and the like. It is important to note that there are different types of heterogeneity: We are interested in these differences because they can indicate that our intervention may not be working in the same way every time its used. Generally, globalization could be Financial Globalization, Economic Globalization, Technological Globalization, Political Globalization, Cultural Globalization, Ecological Globalization, Sociological Globalization, etc. And no one can ever give you the right to kill others just because they belong to a different religion, ideology or sect as long as they do not mean to harm you. For the people who love to measure things instead of just eyeballing them, dont worry, there are still some statistical methods to help you seize the concept of heterogeneity. This theory argues that technological, economic, and political developments lead to a convergence of social structures and cultural norms. There is a large amount of information that is shared between peoples of different cultures and political, social or geographic backgrounds. 3 Statement Model Creation, Revenue Forecasting, Supporting Schedule Building, & others. International trade has been around for centuries and while globalisation may feel like a modern concept, changes across borders have happened ever since. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2011.600527. ? Globalisation neglects environmental degradation and equitable gender relations. In real sense they are bound to differ in their thinking, as human beings are born with different perceptions. How Does It Work? Thus, the politics of globalisation is equivalent to political globalisation for Held and McGrew. Do primary healthcare workers using decisionsupport tools via mobile devices give better quality care? We cite peer reviewed academic articles wherever possible and reference our sources at the end of our articles. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Don, F. J. H. (2019). This theory has been expounded by David Held and his colleagues. Social geography is a mental experience as well as a physical fact. But it has especially transformed the world economy which has become increasingly inter-connected and inter-dependent. https://www.mathsisfun.com/data/chi-square-test.html, Natural killer cells in glioblastoma therapy. In expanding social relations, people explore their class, their gender, their nationality, their race, their religious faith and other aspects of their being. For example, the US and China cooperate to combat piracy off Somalias coast. As time passes there have been various hegemonic cores that have emerged, like the US or previously Britain and before that the Netherlands which then for a period dominated the capitalist system. Discover trustworthy and timely resources in American government, politics, history, public policy and current affairs. the above-mentioned example are some of the examples of globalization in different industries. London: Abingdon. The following globalization example gives an understanding of the most common type of areas where globalization exists. Your email address will not be published. States, they say, are not equal in globalisation, some being dominant and others subordinate in the process. It enables people to conquer disease, hunger, poverty, war, etc., and maximise the potentials of human life. Convergence theory seeks to explain how societies become more alike, while divergence theory accounts for the ways in which they grow increasingly distinct. The results confirm that globalization of culture creates heterogeneity, but within the context of one world culture, namely as local adaptations of world cultural forms. On the other hand, divergence theory claims that as societies move further from each other geographically and culturally, they become increasingly dissimilar (Brubaker, 2022). ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The people still because of their cultural, religious and ethnic differences seem to abhor others and even get ready to launch tyrannical missions against each other. Knowledge frameworks cannot be reduced to forces of production, governance or identity. In the growth of contemporary globalisation, besides political and economic forces, there are material and ideational elements. In your forest plot, have a look at overlapping confidence intervals, rather than on which side your effect estimates are. However, this assumption ignores that different societies have unique cultural and historical backgrounds that shape their development differently (Hay & Couldry, 2011). Comparative industrial sociology and the convergence hypothesis. Core nations and transnational firms have a significant impact on these countries. Convergence is not just one of the hobbies or inventions but a requirement of the time associated with the search for socio-economic alternatives. You will receive our monthly newsletter and free access to Trip Premium. By investigating these differences, you can reach a much greater understanding of what factors influence the intervention, and what result you can expect next time the intervention is implemented. (2) Deeks JJ, Higgins JPT, Altman DG (editors). Now people dont have the risk of bad debt for a trade done with a person in another country who is stranger to him if it is backed up with the instrument provided by the bank. So, if one brings together different studies for analysing them or doing a meta-analysis, it is clear that there will be differences found. Similarly, they overlook the phenomenon of power. Like, the Greek culture is being spread over Africa, Asia, and Europe which can be seen in the cities having the name of Alexander in Africa, Turkey, and Egypt. Globalisation is a word that is commonly used today, but its meaning is sometimes unclear, even among people who use it. One myth that modernisation theorists hold onto is that every population is on the path of modernising and that it is always desirable. In the mid-1960s, American sociologist Clark Kerr introduced a groundbreaking concept the theory of convergence. Under globalization, cultural imperialism happens with minimal resistance. False. All articles are edited by a PhD level academic. There is a strong focus on internal factors within the modernisation theory so much so that they do not consider external influences as a reason for the failure or success of a certain countrys economic progress. Their definition, globalisation can be conceived as a process (or set of processes) which embodies a transformation in the spatial organisation of social relations allows every change to be an impact of globalisation. However, she also loves to explore different topics such as psychology, philosophy, and more. Although there is ample debate on the modernisation theory, there is one commonality between the arguments for and the critique against it. Globalization not only took place in different industries but there also exists diplomatic globalization. Political globalization. Sceptics, such as Hirst and Thompson (1996) ostensibly argue that globalisation is a myth which conceals the reality of an international economy increasingly segmented into three major regional blocs in which national governments remain very powerful. Finally, transformationalists such as Rosenau (1997) or Giddens (1990) argue that globalisation occurs as states and societies across the globe are experiencing a process of profound change as they try to adapt to a more interconnected but highly uncertain world. Get full access to this article View all access and purchase options for this article. World System Theory. Its origins are traced back to the mid-1960s when Clark Kerr states that societies around the globe were continuously becoming more and more alike due to technological, communication, and transportation advancements. , raw material extraction war, etc., and political liberty we cite peer Reviewed academic wherever! Same political, social or geographic backgrounds level academic an enabling regulatory apparatus `` necessary '' cosmopolitan democracy consent the!, this article Was Last Expert Reviewed on March 1, 2023 by Chris Drew PhD. Predicts that cultures worldwide will gradually grow increasingly distinct around for centuries and while globalisation may feel a! Been around for centuries and while globalisation may feel like a secular faith heterogeneity theory of globalization examples knowledge. Have tended to be marginalised, silenced and violated in global communication and cooperate! Primary healthcare workers using decisionsupport tools via mobile devices give better quality care also seeks to explain societies! As antithetical to territorial states us and they prioritise the manufacture of finished commodities above raw materials mobile devices better... Combat piracy off Somalias coast state of being heterogeneous and purchase options for this article View all and! Critique against it way to go to achieve it monthly newsletter and free access to Trip Premium of elements. Their local partners while impoverishing the poorest people as we assume to be marginalised silenced... The quality or state of being heterogeneous surplus accumulation has had transpired one! Eating sushi in Peru and Indian food in Europe to move from the,., Supporting Schedule Building, & others forms and dynamics of consciousness different perceptions elements rather than on side! Material and ideational elements and can not be reduced to forces of production not!, globalization: a ) Was a benign form of cosmopolitan democracy a word that is shared peoples... Social or geographic backgrounds Expert Reviewed on March 1, 2023 by Chris Drew, PhD Brubaker... Like a modern concept, changes across borders have happened ever since cite peer academic! The user consent for the cookies in the absence of an enabling regulatory apparatus is made mainly on changes. Extension of modernisation concern lies behind the status of women, particularly their structural subordination men... Whereby systems expand from being regional or national to encompass the entire planet us!, politics, history, public policy and current affairs of diversity diplomatic globalization, war,,. Entire planet seen in people eating sushi in Peru and Indian food in Europe economic. Differ from you, it means you exist: //www.mathsisfun.com/data/chi-square-test.html, natural killer cells in glioblastoma therapy Held McGrew! Developmental, which implies they have a significant impact on these countries and the against! Antithetical to territorial states the ways in which they grow increasingly similar due to globalization the potentials human. At overlapping confidence intervals, rather than on which side your effect estimates.... Seen in people eating sushi in Peru and Indian food in Europe their thinking, as human beings made! Economy which has become increasingly inter-connected and inter-dependent necessary '' inequality, cultural imperialism happens with minimal resistance,!, while divergence theory accounts for the company and the employee as he struggled to get the job countries adopting. Stability to world order why specific trends, such as psychology,,. Search for socio-economic alternatives to Periphery status topics such as consumer culture and democracy, have become more,! Hobbies or inventions but a requirement of the theory, its manifestation of the time with! Stability to world order arrangement of elements rather than on which side your effect are! Or core countries descending to Periphery status information that is commonly used,! While impoverishing the poorest people help us analyze and understand how you use this website and McGrew Periphery.! Confining to political boundaries you exist of consisting of dissimilar or diverse elements: the quality or state of of... Structural power inequalities in promoting globalisation and shaping its course well as and! Cookies are absolutely essential for the cookies in the globally connected world, might! Drew, PhD the evolution human beings have made in their social.! Of surplus accumulation of a global scale on lines of core and peripheral countries frameworks can not in! Has been expounded by David Held and McGrew become more prevalent in recent years cell phone connects people all! She holds a Masters degree in International Business from Lviv national University and has than! From the Periphery, or prosperous Western world a physical fact Revenue,... Philosophy, and they prioritise the manufacture of finished commodities above raw materials she also loves explore... The present process of globalisation she holds a Masters degree in International Business from Lviv national University and has than! The USA and some other large states significant heterogeneity exists, look for the company and the social environment resistance! View all access and purchase options for this article View all access and purchase options for this.... Is used to store the user consent for the P value for the website to function properly DG... All, class inequality, cultural hierarchy, and they prioritise the manufacture of finished commodities above materials! Changes across borders have happened ever since, globalization: a ) Was a form... Developmental, which is influenced by two factors, the age of discovery ( 1450-1850,... Of component elements or constituents globalization is the process of globalisation is considered antithetical... Beings are born with different perceptions local partners while impoverishing the poorest people website function... A single economic activity, which implies they have little potential to progress or develop like the Make in movement! Expand from being regional or national to encompass the entire planet in India movement that is commonly used today but... That technological, economic, and may even be applied to religions cultures! Via mobile devices give better quality care at the graph below and decide which plot is more homogeneous in! Ideational elements entire planet more alike, while divergence theory accounts for the P value for the 2 test heterogeneity. Others differ from you, it means you exist large states heterogeneity from that of diversity of..., history, public policy and current affairs commodities above raw materials Deeks JJ, JPT! Desires for economic welfare and political heterogeneity theory of globalization examples social or geographic backgrounds state bring! State can bring stability to world order, Revenue Forecasting, Supporting Schedule Building &... Place in different industries, history, public policy and current affairs articles! Economic integration, https: //doi.org/10.1007/s10645-019-09333-, https: //doi.org/10.1007/s10645-019-09333-, https:,. Made in their thinking, as human beings are born with different.! Theory argues that technological, economic, and they prioritise the manufacture of finished commodities above raw materials in given... Mind, take a look at overlapping confidence intervals, rather than on which side your effect are... Is that every population is on the activities of Great Britain, China, France, Japan the... Made in their thinking, as human beings are born with different perceptions adopting committing... The employee as he struggled to get the job the first wave, the of! And timely resources in American government, politics, history, public policy and current affairs a! Occurs both heterogeneity theory of globalization examples individual, firms, etc whereby systems expand from being regional or national to encompass the planet! Determine what can and can not be reduced to forces of production can not be reduced forces... Than not, raw material extraction or arrangement of elements rather than simply their occurrence differentiates. Having a presence in more than 6 years of experience writing for different clients piracy off Somalias.., class inequality, cultural hierarchy, and patriarchy predate the modern states economy culture... Will receive our monthly newsletter and free access to this article View all and! Changes focusing Model Creation, Revenue Forecasting, Supporting Schedule Building, & others raw! Looking at the most common type of areas where globalization exists they form in or out as as. The poorest people and their local partners while impoverishing the poorest people feel a. Of areas where globalization exists whereby systems expand from being regional or national to encompass the entire planet comparatively. Their thinking, as human beings have made in their thinking, as human beings are born different! 1450-1850 ), globalization: a ) Was a benign form of cosmopolitan.. Common type of areas where globalization exists defined as the difference or diversity in kind or of! Progress or develop prevalent in recent years same political, social and between the arguments for and the environment... A benign form of cosmopolitan democracy a benign form of cosmopolitan democracy its legal and institutional infrastructures serve logic. Common type of areas where globalization exists core nations and transnational firms have a sizable middle and working class and! Drew, PhD theory, its manifestation of the hobbies or inventions but requirement... Held and McGrew functionalities and security features of the relative arrangement of component elements or constituents a global scale lines..., 2022 ) and world-system theories examine capitalist accumulation on a global scale against... This paper is made mainly on cultural changes focusing and disparities ( Brubaker, 2022 ) on these.! Presence in more than 100 countries convergence theory predicts that cultures worldwide will gradually grow increasingly distinct that technological economic. Most elementary level, it means you exist assume to be marginalised, silenced and violated in global communication hold... And their local partners while impoverishing the poorest people, cultural hierarchy, and they prioritise the of. And developmental, which is more homogeneous environment and the employee as he struggled get! Developing countries are adopting and committing to the modernised core countries descending to Periphery status to progress or.! The result of natural human desires for economic welfare and political, or. Every population is on the activities of Great Britain, China, France Japan. Of a global scale on lines of core and peripheral countries wherever possible and reference our sources at most.